Perpetual length of respiratory muscles during breathing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Where is resting respiratory muscle length at Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) in comparison to the innate length of each muscle? It is unknown whether end expiratory/pre-inspiratory length of muscles at equilibrium i.e. length at FRC, is below, above or identical to inherent muscle length when ambient system tension is removed. Therefore we studied canines during nondepolarizing paralysis to determine the perpetual resting length of respiratory muscles. Methods: With approval by Animal Ethics Board, sonomicrometry and EMG were implanted in the costal (COS) and crural (CRU) diaphragm, transversus abdominis (TA), parasternal (PARA) and external intercostal (EXT). After recovery, the animals were studied awake, recording flow, CO2, muscle length, and EMG per breath during room air, before and after flaccid paralysis. Results are shown before, during, and after paralysis. Results: For N= 4 dogs (wt 29.8kg) studied after 50 days, all muscles lengthened significantly with onset of paralysis. During paralysis, lengthening was: COS 1.69%, CRU 1.5%, TA 3.30%, PARA 1.99% and EXT 1.68% respectively. All lengths reverted to the original shorter baseline with resolution of paralysis. Summary: Perpetual resting length of respiratory muscles at equilibrium, is universally shorter than inherent muscle length without normal system tension. That is, each breath initiated from FRC begins from a “pre-shortened” muscle length compared to inherent muscle length.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".