Polypropylene reinforced with nanocrystalline cellulose: Coupling agent optimization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Five different grades of maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) having different molecular weight and acid value (AV) were used as coupler in PP‐nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) composites. The main objective was to study the effect of MAPP structure (Mw, AV) and filler/coupler ( F / C ) ratio on mechanical properties in order to find optimum mechanical properties in tension, flexion, and impact. Results showed that both Mw and AV have direct effect on mechanical properties and a balance between both must be achieved to get the best performance. However, regardless of MAPP structure, optimum improvement was obtained for F / C = 7.5/1. Shear rheological data showed that at high MAPP content, MAPP acts as lubricant. DSC and AFM analysis showed small reduction in the size of PP crystals in the presence of NCC. Rheological data under large amplitude oscillatory shear showed that the nanocomposites used here are under percolation. Using these analyses, possible reinforcement mechanisms were investigated. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132 , 42438.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".