Both Type 1 and Type 2 Receptors Transmit the Behavioral Effects of Orexin/Hypocretin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two receptors have been identified for orexin (hypocretin). The Type 1 receptor (OX 1 R) binds orexin A preferentially, while the type 2 receptor (OX 2 R) binds both orexin A and orexin B with apparently equally affinity. In addition a role in the physiologic regulation of sleep/wakefulness, orexin influences arousal state. We examined the receptor subtype that mediates the effect of orexin A on spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA) in male rats. Orexin A stimulated dose related increases in all aspects of SLA examined in the Opto‐Max Activity monitor. These effects were only partially blocked by the selective OX 1 R antagonist SB‐ 408124, with the exception of the actions on rearing activity and vertical stereotypy which were completely prevented by pretreatment with the antagonist. The failure of the antagonist to completely prevent the action of orexin A on most aspects of SLA may be due to an action on the OX 2 R. The selective OX 2 R agonist [(Ala 11 , Leu 15 )‐orexin B] also significantly stimulated SLA, and those effects were not compromised by pretreatment with the OX 1 R antagonist. Thus orexin A stimulates arousal state by actions on both the type 1 and type 2 receptors. (Supported by NIH HL68652)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".