Acoustic characterization of Mysis relicta at multiple frequencies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We measured acoustic backscattering from Mysis relicta , a common invertebrate in northern lakes, using five frequencies (38, 120, 200, 430, and 710 kHz). Acoustic backscattering from mysids was highest at 430 kHz and lowest at 38 kHz (19 dB lower). Maximum difference between the four other frequencies was 5.2 dB. Mysid target strength (TS) ranged from –80.1 dB at 430 kHz to –99.4 dB at 38 kHz (12 mm average length, range 5–21 mm). A theoretical scattering model (Stanton’s fluid-like, bent-cylinder model) predicted TS within 0.3–1.9 dB of observed TS for the different frequencies. The detection range was lowest at 38 and 710 kHz and greatest at 120 and 200 kHz. Fish were common above the mysid layer and produced higher acoustic backscattering at 38 kHz than at the other frequencies. A combination of 38 kHz and 120 or 200 kHz provides a strong contrast between mysid and fish acoustic backscattering that would help separate these groups using acoustic data.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".