Identification of gender and reproductive maturity in the absence of gonads: muscle tissue levels of sex steroids and vitellogenin in gag (<i>Mycteroperca microlepis</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gag (Mycteroperca microlepis) are often landed eviscerated, so their gonads are not available for histological verification of gender and stage of maturity. Information on gender is particularly important for the management of hermaphroditic grouper, where increased mortality through fishing can directly affect sex ratio and therefore the reproductive capacity of the population. Alternative techniques for evaluating fish gender and maturity therefore need to be developed for gag and other grouper. We utilized sensitive immunoassays to measure levels of the sex steroids estradiol-17beta (E2), testosterone (T), and 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) and the egg-yolk precursor vitellogenin (VTG) in gag on a quarterly basis. Plasma and muscle levels of E2, T, and VTG in females were lowest during summer, rising in winter to reach peak values in spring. During winter and spring, plasma and muscle levels of 11KT were significantly higher in males than in adult females or immature fish. Combined measurement of VTG and 11KT in gag muscle proved useful for differentiating between males, adult females, and immature fish between December and April, the period of active gonadal recrudescence. This technique should prove useful in cases where fishery data are primarily collected through port sampling and gonads are not available for analysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".