Return immigration: the chronic migration of Canadian immigrants, 1991, 1996 and 2001
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Recognizing that immigration is not a one‐time event, the international migration literature has acknowledged return emigration as one option. Typically, international return migrations are evaluated as returns to a country of birth, although they may also involve returns to the host country following a brief sojourn or period outside. However, this form of ‘return’ immigration has received limited attention. Using data drawn from the 1991, 1996 and 2001 Canadian censuses, we examine return immigration, defined here as the immigration act of foreign‐born residents of Canada who have temporarily emigrated from Canada and who subsequently return to Canada. Firstly, we describe the volume and characteristics of Canadian immigrants who undertake return immigration. Secondly, we examine the likelihood of immigrants to undertake a return immigration given their socio‐economic and demographic characteristics. Understanding such return immigrations is one way to an understanding of Canada's attractiveness and ability to retain immigrants. In general, we found the characteristics of return immigrants conformed to general migration theories and the domestic return migration literature. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it