Return immigration: the chronic migration of Canadian immigrants, 1991, 1996 and 2001
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Recognizing that immigration is not a one‐time event, the international migration literature has acknowledged return emigration as one option. Typically, international return migrations are evaluated as returns to a country of birth, although they may also involve returns to the host country following a brief sojourn or period outside. However, this form of ‘return’ immigration has received limited attention. Using data drawn from the 1991, 1996 and 2001 Canadian censuses, we examine return immigration, defined here as the immigration act of foreign‐born residents of Canada who have temporarily emigrated from Canada and who subsequently return to Canada. Firstly, we describe the volume and characteristics of Canadian immigrants who undertake return immigration. Secondly, we examine the likelihood of immigrants to undertake a return immigration given their socio‐economic and demographic characteristics. Understanding such return immigrations is one way to an understanding of Canada's attractiveness and ability to retain immigrants. In general, we found the characteristics of return immigrants conformed to general migration theories and the domestic return migration literature. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".