Sclerotia of the plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani Kühn as a new source of bioactive compounds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani Kühn is a soil-born fungal pathogen that causes economic losses to a large number of crops. The aim of this study is to evaluate the bioactivity of the resistant vegetative structure, the sclerotia. The composition of exudates and extracts of sclerotia of R. solani strains AG2 2111B and AG3 114 respectively, were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [1] and direct infusion mass spectrometry [2]. Sclerotial exudates (3000mg d.w./ml) had a variable inhibitory effect on spore germination of the following fungi: Stachybotrys elegans (70%), Fusarium sporotrichioides (21%) and Trichoderma virens (14%). In addition, the same concentration of exudates was phytotoxic to duckweed (Lemna minor L.) causing a significant reduction in chlorophyll content (31%) and number of fronts (34%). Mass spectrometry analysis revealed the complexity of exudates' composition and the presence of several substances including carboxylic acids, quinones, carbohydrates and fatty acids. On the other hand, the extracts of sclerotia of R. solani strain 114 were phytotoxic to potato seedlings. The fraction responsible for the observed phytotoxicity was isolated by thin layer chromatography and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [1] and direct infusion mass spectrometry [2]. The results revealed that dibutyl phthalate is the main bioactive compound of the fraction responsible for the observed toxicity which has also been reported as a bioactive compound in other fungal pathogens [3]. This is the first report describing the composition and phytotoxicity of R. solani sclerotial extracts and exudates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".