The Influence of Temperature, Pressure, Salinity, and Surfactant Concentration on the Interfacial Tension of the N-Octane-Water System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An elaborate experimental study was conducted for the determination of the interfacial tension (IFT) values for a n-octane/water system for a wide range of experimental conditions of temperatures, pressures, and salt concentrations that exist in a natural oil reservoir. Three different surfactants were used in the analysis: dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid sodium salt, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide. The measured IFT values were correlated linearly to pressure (P), temperature (T), and salt concentration (CB) in the aqueous phase. There was an almost 20-fold reduction noticed in the IFT values with the addition of surfactants. This behavior was best related by an exponential pexpression in terms of the surfactant concentration (CS) as given below: The experimental data for the three surfactants can be represented independently by the above correlation. The absolute average percentage error was always less than 7% for the different data sets considered.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".