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Record W1964164165 · doi:10.1007/s13203-013-0037-7

Sustainable world through sustainable materials and integrated biorefineries

2013· article· en· W1964164165 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueApplied Petrochemical Research · 2013
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicProcess Optimization and Integration
Canadian institutionsUniversity of British Columbia
Fundersnot available
KeywordsBioproductsBiorefinerySustainabilitySustainable developmentEco-efficiencyFlexibility (engineering)BiofuelBusinessEngineeringWaste managementEconomics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The present world, with all its advancement, is not a sustainable world, simply because it is based on non-renewable raw materials (non-RRMs). Sustainable world is best expressed in terms of sustainable development and non-RRMs must be replaced by sustainable materials. The sustainable materials needed by modern society are very wide and the main pillars are biofuels and bioproducts. Both pillars are best related through integrated biorefineries (IBRs) formed of related concepts which are very important for the economic development and sustainability of all countries on our planet. Integrated biorefineries include the production of biofuels and bioproducts and utilizing novel technologies. An IBR contains at least two routes: a biochemical route based on a sugar platform and a thermochemical-catalytic route based on a syngas platform. It is a multiple inputs–multi outputs (MIMO) system with design flexibility to accept a wide range of biofeedstock, especially wastes. If the biorefinery consists of only one route/platform, or is limited with regard to MIMO or biofuels/bioproducts produced, then it should be considered an elementary biorefinery (EBR). Sustainable development engineering which is a subsystem of sustainable development (and sustainable world) is more general than Environmental Engineering; and Clean and Green Technology, because it also includes the utilization of RRMs to achieve not only sustainability but also clean environment. An integrated system approach based on system theory is used to analyse sustainable development, sustainable world, sustainable materials, IBRs, EBRs and their interactions.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.441
Threshold uncertainty score0.999

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0020.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.019
GPT teacher head0.278
Teacher spread0.259 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it