Migration and nonfarm activities as income diversification strategies: the case of Northern Ghana
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT This article jointly analyses the determinants of participation in nonfarm activities and of migration in Northern Ghana, combining household data with community-level information and data on the evolution of the yields of cash and staple crops. Our results confirm the role of education as a key asset to pursue opportunities in the off-farm sector and the role of farm size in reducing the probability of participating in nonfarm activities. Poor households do not have enough resources to undertake nonfarm activities and they opt for migration as a diversification strategy. Community-level assets are found to play a crucial role for understanding off-farm diversification. Résumé Cet article analyse les facteurs menant à la participation aux activités économiques au-delà du secteur agricole ainsi bien que le processus de migration au sein des communautés rurales dans le nord du Ghana. S'appuyant sur les données disponibles sur la revenue et la production des récoltes des ménages, nos résultats démontrent que l'éducation est clé dans la poursuite d'autres formes d'emploi dans les secteurs autre que le secteur agricole. La taille des fermes constituent aussi un facteur important dans cette dernière. Les ménages n'ayant pas assez de ressources pour trouver d'autres formes d'emploi doivent, par contre, recourir à la migration. Finalement, les biens communautaires jouent un rôle important dans le processus de diversification économique.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it