Bibliographic record
Abstract
Near‐infrared images have been used to search for bright globular clusters near the center of the elliptical galaxy Maffei 1. The number of objects in various radial intervals from the center of Maffei 1 are compared with the number density of sources in two control fields, and we find an excess of 31 ± 11 objects with K between 16.6 and 18.0 in an annulus between 20 '' and 90 '' from the galaxy center. At radii in excess of 90 '' , the ability to find clusters is frustrated by statistical noise in the foreground star population. It is demonstrated that the globular clusters located within 90 '' of the center of Maffei 1 span a range of near‐infrared colors that are at least as great as that seen among M31 clusters; some of the clusters appear to have colors that are consistent with them being very young. The specific globular cluster frequency within 90 '' of the center of Maffei 1 is S N = 1.3 ± 0.6 if the distance modulus is 28.1 ± 0.2 and A V = 4.7 ± 0.2. The specific cluster frequency of Maffei 1 is thus similar to that of other nearby field elliptical galaxies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".