Documenting forest stand invasion: fossil stomata and pollen in forest hollows
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Stomata and pollen from forest hollow sediments in the Great Lakes were evaluated for their ability to document stand-scale forest invasion. In surface sediments of 19 forest hollows, stomate presence is related most closely to tree presence within 10-20 m for eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.), pine (Pinus spp. L.), balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), and northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.). Although the abundance of hemlock pollen in surface sediments is positively related to the abundance of hemlock trees within 100 m, it does not consistently reflect the presence of hemlock trees within this distance. Pollen and stomata preserved in forest hollow sediments from northwestern Wisconsin were used to document two stages of stand invasion by eastern hemlock. First, hemlock stomata initially appear approximately 2400 14C years BP, representing the initial colonization of the forest stand. Hemlock pollen also first appears at this time but in such low abundance that the presence of hemlock trees at the site cannot be known with certainty. Second, hemlock pollen percentages increase sharply around 350 14C years BP, approximately 2000 years following initial colonization, and represent an expansion of the local hemlock population not reflected by stomatal and needle abundance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".