Three-dimensional ground displacements from static pipe bursting in stiff clay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Three-dimensional ground surface displacements from 20 m long static pipe-bursting experiments are reported. These experiments were conducted with firm-to-stiff clay backfill in a trench with very stiff clay sidewalls at three different burial depths. Multiple digital cameras and image analysis were used to quantify the surface response as the expander progressed through the original pipe. The experiments quantified the upward surface movement as the expander approached, the effect of burial depth on maximum uplift, and the final amount of uplift after it decreased to a residual displacement. The experiments also quantified the axially forward ground surface movement as the expander approached, reaching maximum just ahead of the expander, and decreasing to almost zero after the expander had passed by. Lateral movements of the ground surface away from the centreline are also reported, which were essentially zero at the centre line, increasing to a maximum and then decreasing with distance from the centreline. The three different burial depths produced in effect the same width of vertical surface response with the displacements contained within 1.5 m on either side of the centreline, suggesting that the very stiff clay trench walls had a dominant influence on the measured displacements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".