Peines minimales obligatoires et exemptions constitutionnelles : la politique du pire
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dans cet article, l’auteure fait le bilan de la jurisprudence de la Cour suprême sur la validité constitutionnelle des peines minimales obligatoires et constate une lente érosion des critères élaborés dans l’arrêt Smith. Dorénavant, la Cour fait preuve d’une grande déférence envers le choix du législateur de privilégier l’exemplarité des peines, rendant presque impossibles les déclarations d’invalidité des peines minimales obligatoires. Par ailleurs, elle offre une critique et une mise en garde contre les difficultés et les effets négatifs à long terme de la tendance grandissante chez les plaideurs à demander des exemptions constitutionnelles afin d’éviter l’imposition d’une peine minimale obligatoire à leurs clients.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.017 | 0.025 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.031 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.015 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".