A multiband /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ fractional-N frequency synthesizer for a MIMO WLAN transceiver RFIC
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work presents a shared fractional-N synthesizer used by two dual-band 802.11 radios integrated on a single chip for 2/spl times/2 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) applications. Additional 2/spl times/2 MIMO chips can be used in a system by phase synchronizing the signal paths through a bidirectional LO porting scheme developed for this application. This synthesizer was fully integrated with the exception of an off-chip loop filter. The synthesizer is a /spl Delta//spl Sigma/-based fractional-N frequency synthesizer with three on-chip LC tuned VCOs to cover the entire frequency bands specified in the IEEE 802.11a/b/g and Japanese WLAN standards. The radio uses a variable IF frequency so that both the RF LO and IF LO can be derived from a single synthesizer saving chip area and power. The synthesizer includes a programmable second/third-order /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ noise shaper, a phase frequency detector, a differential charge pump, and a 6-bit multimodulus divider (MMD). The nominal jitter from 100 Hz to 10 MHz is 0.63-0.86/spl deg/ rms in the 5-GHz band and 0.35-0.43/spl deg/ rms in the 2.4-GHz band. The maximum frequency deviation of the synthesizer when enabling the transmitter is less than 150 kHz and the frequency error settles to 2 kHz in less than 12 /spl mu/s. For MIMO applications requiring more than two full paths, a single synthesizer on one die can be used to generate the LOs for all other radios integrated in different dies.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it