DNA Delivery for Vaccination and Therapeutics Through the Skin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cutaneous gene therapy and DNA vaccination are potential applications of plasmid delivery methods where a gene for an antigen or a therapeutic protein is inserted in the plasmid and applied to the skin. However, the delivery of the DNA plasmid is a major challenge due to the unusual physicochemical properties of the DNA, the tissue and cellular barriers and expression difficulties. Even though the skin is the most accessible organ of the body and it is an ideal target for gene therapy, the delivery of plasmid DNA across the skin is very difficult due to the specific barrier function of the stratum corneum and the inconsistent transfection rate of keratinocytes and other epidermal cells. To date there is no gene delivery system that was shown to be optimal for cutaneous gene therapy. In order to develop an efficient non-viral delivery vehicle we need to design a system that provides the combined properties of effective DNA condensation, cutaneous permeation, cellular transfection and sufficiently sustained expression. This paper reviews the formulation approaches and delivery methods for DNA through the skin in the context of the barriers both at the tissue and cellular levels for both vaccine and gene therapy applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".