Association of<i>CTLA4</i>Polymorphisms with Sustained Response to Interferon and Ribavirin Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4) suppresses cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. We examined the associations of CTLA4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at promoter site -318 and exon-1 site 49 with clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) after treatment with combination interferon-alpha plus ribavirin (IFN-alpha+R) therapy in 79 white sustained responders (SRs) and 79 nonresponders (NRs). SRs had higher frequencies of 49G, alone (odds ratio [OR], 2.3; P=.042) and tightly linked with -318C in a haplotype (OR, 2.4; P=.030). Homozygosity for the -318C-49G haplotype was even more frequent among SRs (OR, 5.2; P=.049). Comparably strong associations persisted after multivariable analysis. Relationships were not seen with non-1 genotype viruses (OR, 0.93-1.25; P>.25). Virus load also declined more rapidly in carriers of both 49G (P=.0095) and the -318C-49G haplotype. CTLA4 49G in exon 1 alone and in a haplotype with -318C promoter is associated with sustained IFNalpha+R response in white patients with HCV genotype 1 infection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".