THE EFFECT OF CARBOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE STRESS HORMONE RESPONSE TO 1 HOUR OF ROWING
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis is stimulated during exercise, causing the release of stress hormones that may impair immune function. This stimulation of the HPA axis may be reduced if there is sufficient carbohydrate (CHO) available in the blood and working muscle. PURPOSE To determine if CHO beverage ingestion before, during, and after rowing exercise can attenuate the release of stress hormones in response to 1 hr of rowing exercise. METHODS 22 male subjects were matched on 2000m simulated rowing race time and randomly assigned to either a placebo (PLA) or carbohydrate (CHO) group. Blood samples were taken at rest and at 5 and 60 minutes following completion of a 1 hr row for maximum distance. The samples were analyzed for adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol using commercially available radioimmuno-assay kits, and blood glucose concentration. The rowing exercise bout was completed at a self-selected pace on a rowing ergometer. Subjects were given 1 L of either a CHO beverage (1g of CHO·kg of body weight−1) or PLA beverage 1 hr prior to, during, and for the hour following exercise. RESULTS ACTH levels were significantly elevated in both groups 5 minutes following exercise (POST 5 = 105.3 ± 74.5 pg·ml1 vs. REST = 34.1 ± 12.8 pg·ml−1, p < 0.05), but returned to near resting levels at 60 minutes post exercise. Cortisol levels followed a similar pattern in both groups as they were significantly higher than rest immediately following exercise (POST 5 = 31.4 ± 9.8 mg·ml−1 vs. REST = 19.7 ± 3.5 mg·ml−1, p < 0.05) and returned close to resting values 60 minutes after exercise. Blood glucose concentration was higher in the CHO group compared to the PLA group at 5 minutes post exercise (CHO = 7.30 ± 1.54 mmol·L−1 vs. PLA = 5.50 ± 0.84 mmol·L−1, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Consumption of CHO beverage before, during, and after exercise did not significantly lower circulating stress hormone levels following 1 hr of rowing exercise. Supported by the SSAA through the ASRPWF, and the Universiade '83 Foundation Inc.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".