Quarter-wave design criteria for omnidirectional structural colors
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Structural colors are caused by light interference from periodic multi-layer dielectric stacks and exhibit rich, highly-chromatic colors. However, avoiding a color shift due to angular variation remains a challenge. The design criteria for angle-independent structural colors have been studied by treating a quarter-wave stack of alternating dielectric material layers as a one-dimensional photonic crystal. A refractive index zone has been identified that exhibits narrowband omnidirectionality for structural colors in the visible wavelength range. It was found that a quarter-wave stack of high refractive index (RI) paired-layers (n H = 2.85 and n L = 2.5), which have low RI contrast (n H /n L = 1.14), is key in fabricating omnidirectional structural color materials. The theoretical predictions discussed here are verified experimentally using a titania/halfnia (TiO2/HfO2) multilayer stack. Keywords: structural coloromnidirectional reflectorangular dispersionphotonic crystal Acknowledgements The authors thank Mr Masahiko Ishii of Toyota Motor Corporation, Japan for helpful discussions and Dr Michael Rowe of Toyota Institute of North America for assisting with the manuscript preparation. The authors also wish to acknowledge Dr Kai Sun at the University of Michigan for the TEM images reported.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it