Expanded and fixed bed ion exchange chromatography for the recovery of C‐phycocyanin in a single step by using lysed cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract C‐phycocyanin, a natural blue dye, stands out today because it has antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐tumor properties, and it can be extracted from cyanobacteria, such as the genus Spirulina . A process that has received attention is the adsorption of proteins in the presence of biomass by fluidized bed, particularly an expanded bed. Therefore, this study aimed at purifying C‐phycocyanin by ion exchange chromatography in expanded bed in the presence of biomass with two different resins (Streamline Q XL and Streamline DEAE) and comparing the purification process of C‐phycocyanin by applying the fixed bed ion exchange chromatography. The expanded bed purification carried out with the support of Streamline Q XL was considered more promising than with Streamline DEAE since the former had higher C‐phycocyanin recovery than the latter. The fraction C‐phycocyanin in the expanded bed mode with Streamline Q XL had average purity of 1.6, concentration of 2.4 mg mL −1 , and recovery process of 79 %. Moreover, by comparison with the fixed bed, the recovery of C‐phycocyanin was higher in the expanded mode, even though both purity levels were similar. It has been shown that such crude feedstocks can be applied to the bed without prior clarification steps. As a result, the single‐step recovery process (clarification, capture, and purification) can be established, thus eliminating the centrifugation step, saving energy, and reducing the cost of the process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".