In Whose Interest? The Early Years of the First Caisse Populaire, 1900‑1945
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 1900 Alphonse Desjardins opened the first caisse populaire at Lévis, a small town located across the St. Lawrence from Quebec City. Many historians have seen the establishment and the early operations of the Caisse populaire de Lévis in heroic terms, as it proved to be the beginning of the development of a vast cooperative movement. Desjardins and his colleagues were described as disinterested men only desirous of providing financial services to the poor. This characterization has a certain validity, as credit was made available that could not have been found elsewhere. Nevertheless, such a perspective ignores the fact that the founders of the caisse and their successors were members of the local petite bourgoisie who were profoundly insecure regarding their place in an industrializing Quebec. As a result, the operations of this caisse up to the end of World War II were not always in the best interests of the poorer elements of Lévis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.021 | 0.017 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".