Crown Ownership of Water in situ in Common Law Canada : Public Trusts, Classical Trusts and Fiduciary Duties
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A clear understanding of the private law rules relating to water in situ is a necessary pre-condition to the success of any public law management regime. This article thus examines the private law rules applicable in the common law provinces to determine if there are functional equivalents to Québec’s private law principle of res communis and its statutory notion of State “custodianship”. It concludes that while there is no direct functional equivalent to the concept of res communis , there is an acceptance — almost by default — of Crown ownership of water in situ, an acceptance reflected in the legislation of the western provinces. However, this Crown ownership is not full and absolute but rather limited, more in the nature of “custodianship” than “ownership”. This conclusion follows an exploration of three equitable institutions — the public trust, the classical trust and fiduciary duties. In each case, the argument for limitation is difficult, but not impossible, to make.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".