Acoustic transmission through one plane of bubbles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We measured the transmission of ultrasonic waves through one layer of bubbles, for frequencies ranging from 30 to 250 kHz. The layer was a true 2D structure obtained by injecting very monodisperse bubbles (with radius r=100 μm) into a yield-stress polymer gel. Even for layer with a low concentration of bubbles (areal fraction, nπr2, of 10-20%, where n is the number of bubbles per unit area), the transmission was found to be significantly reduced by the presence of bubbles (-20 to -50 dB) and showed a sharp minimum at a particular frequency. Interestingly, this frequency did not correspond to the individual Minnaert resonance of the bubbles, but depended on the concentration, which we interpret as an indication of strong coupling between the bubbles. We propose a simple model, based on a self-consistent relation, which takes into account the coupling between the bubbles and gives good agreement with the measured transmission.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".