Application of narrow-band digital camera imagery to plantation canopy condition assessment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ensuring forest plantations remain in optimum health and condition is critical to minimizing adverse losses in productivity. A health monitoring program capable of accurately assessing the extent and severity of symptoms of canopy strain could permit forest managers to take a proactive course of action to minimize losses in productivity and tree mortality. Across a range of factors associated with tree stress and defoliation (a fungal pathogen Sphaeropsis sapinea, low soil nitrogen (N) availability, and an aphid Essigella californica), we compared field-based observations of canopy condition with coincident imagery obtained in September 2002 and 2003 from digital camera technology fitted with selected narrow-band (10 nm) spectral interference filters. From these wavelengths a number of chlorophyll and red-edge spectral indices were derived at 50 cm spatial resolution. In the case of S. sapinea where infection is significant and results in necrotic breakdown of needle tissue, the slope of the upper red-edge was the variable most highly correlated with crown attributes (r2 = 0.76 and 0.88 for the 2 years), with an independent classification accuracy of over 90%. Feeding by E. californica is commonly associated with needle chlorosis and defoliation and was predicted at a lower level of accuracy with a simple chlorophyll index (67% overall accuracy). The results indicate that narrow-band digital camera imagery can be used to derive indices of chlorophyll sensitivity and red-edge wavelengths. Comparison of predictions over a 2 year period indicate that the red-edge-based indicators can detect differences in canopy condition and that these relationships appear robust. The results indicate the chlorophyll-based indices were less robust through time, possibly due to interactions with needle defoliation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".