Implementation of Two-Fluid Model for Dilute Gas-Solid Flow in Pipes With Rough Walls
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A numerical study was carried out to investigate the performance of a two-layer model for predicting turbulent gas-particle flows in rough pipes. An Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid formulation was used to model both the gas and solid phases for turbulent gas-particle flow in a vertical tube. The stresses developed in the particle phase were calculated using the kinetic theory of granular flows while the gas-phase stresses were described using an eddy viscosity model. The two-fluid model typically uses a two-equation k-ɛ model to describe the gas phase turbulence, which includes the suppression and enhancement effects due to the presence of particles. For comparison, a two-layer model was also implemented since it has the capability to include surface roughness. The current study examines the predictions of the two-layer model for both clear gas and gas-solid flows in comparison to the results of a conventional low Reynolds number model. The paper specifically documents the effects of surface roughness on the turbulence kinetic energy and granular temperature for gas-particle flow in both smooth and rough pipes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".