THE SPERMIOGENESE OF THE BULL FROM A KARYOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW
Bibliographic record
Abstract
HE present paper concerns karyological investigations carried outT in order to elucidate chromosome conditions during spermiogenesis in the bull.The studies were made utilizing squashes and sections produced by improved miethods.KRALLINGER (1931) and MAKINO (1944) obtained good results in earlier investigations of cattle chromosomes using the paraffin-section method.A review of the earlier literature on spermiogenesis in the bull was made by MAKINO (1944).Both the authors just named were in agreement that the bull has a complement of 60 chromosomes, consisting of 58 autosomes + X + Y. KRALLINGER suggested that the X-chromosome is metacentric; he could not define the Y-chromosome. MATERIAL AND METHODS.The testicular material used for these investigations came from 31 bulls of the Swedish Red and White Breed (SRB).Four were 2-7 months old, 24 ranged from 8 months to 2 years in age, and 3 were about 6 years old.It was possible to examine the bulls under 2 years of age since the rearing of young animals for slaughter became common in 1952.Bull calves were bred and never used for service, but were castrated in the spring of 1952 before pasturing.It involved only animals which to our knowledge had never been ill, and no idea of the fertility of these bulls could be obtained.The material was collected either by castration, during biopsy, or at slaughter.Castration occurred within 5 minutes of the application of local anaesthesia with 2 % pure xylocaine.Biopsy was done without anaesthesia.The slaughter-house material was taken immediately after stunning and before bleeding-out.Fixation was made within five min-
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".