Training novice psychotherapists: Comparing undergraduate and graduate students' outcomes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AbstractAim: This paper describes and contrasts the impact of two 13-week counsellor training programmes in integrative-experiential psychotherapy; one with 24 undergraduate psychology students presented in this paper, and the other with archival data from Pascual-Leone and Andreescu's study of 22 clinical psychology graduate students. Method: The programmes taught psychotherapy to trainees who conducted single sessions with eight volunteers. Outcomes of these sessions were measured at four time points using both trainee and client reports. Findings: Undergraduate trainees significantly improved in fostering a therapeutic alliance, helping skills, and in their confidence (partial eta Sq. = .628). Most of this effect seemed to occur in the first nine weeks. When baseline scores were compared across the two training groups, undergraduate trainees were not performing as well as graduate trainees at fostering alliance and helping skills and this difference held throughout training (p's < .007). Implications: ...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".