The Changing Burden of Pediatric Bloodstream Infections in Calgary, Canada, 2000–2006
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of pediatric bloodstream infection has not been well defined in general populations. The primary objective of this study was to describe the burden of illness of pediatric bloodstream infections in a large Canadian region and secondarily to assess the effect of implementation of universal infant immunization with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in 2002. METHODS: Surveillance for all bloodstream infections was conducted among pediatric (<18 years) residents of the Calgary Health Region during 2000-2006. RESULTS: Nine hundred ninety-five episodes of bloodstream infection occurred for an overall annual incidence of 53.7 per 100,000. Forty-eight percent were community-acquired, 27% were nosocomial-acquired, and 26% were healthcare-associated community onset. The risk for bloodstream infection was highest in neonates. The annual incidence of bloodstream infection changed significantly (P < 0.001) and was attributed to a decreasing incidence of community (P = 0.001) acquired disease. The most common species isolated were Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Overall rates of pneumococcal infection decreased significantly in the post-PCV7 era (2004-2006) as compared with pre-PCV7 era (2000-2001) (4.6 vs. 13.6 per 100,000; P < 0.0001). This was even more pronounced in the subset with community-acquired disease (3.0 vs. 11.3 per 100,000; P < 0.0001) especially in the age group between 1 and 23 months of age (7.3 vs. 58.9 per 100,000; P < 0.0001). The overall mortality rate was 2 per 100,000/yr. CONCLUSIONS: Bloodstream infections are an important cause of disease in children. Implementation of PCV7 has been associated with a significant reduction in the overall burden of disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".