PM-2: An ECM epitope necessary for morphogenesis in embryos of the starfish,Pisaster ochraceus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Anti-PM-2 is a monoclonal antibody that has been developed against the ECM of embryo/larvae of the starfish Pisaster ochraceus. Immunofluorescent staining shows that the PM-2 epitope is present in the cortical granules of unfertilized eggs and is released into the perivitelline space on fertilization. At the blastula stage, staining is very faint and limited to the blastocoel and a few granules within the cells. Strong staining appears in the embryonic/larval body cavity shortly after gastrulation and continues to increase in both the embryonic/larval body cavity and lumen of the gut at least until the bipinnaria stage. The presence of PM-2 in the Golgi apparatus, its susceptibility to enzymes that attack carbohydrates, and inhibition of PM-2 synthesis by tunicamycin, a drug that inhibits the linkage of carbohydrate moieties to protein backbone chains, suggest that the PM-2 epitope is or contains carbohydrate. Western blots of the whole embryo homogenates show bands at molecular weights of 130, 122, 100, 70, and 50 kDa. As embryos grow, two other high molecular weight (greater than 200 kDa) bands also appear. This suggests that the epitope is present on a series of molecules and that some of the lower MW molecules are precursors of the higher MW ones. A single 24-h exposure to the antibody just posthatching appears to inhibit normal mesenchymal migration at the gastrula stage, and if development of these treated embryos/larvae is allowed to continue to the bipinnaria stage, the embryos are stunted and have a smaller oral hood and esophagus. Long-term exposure results in stunted animals with distorted shapes. Such animals develop a very small embryonic/larval body cavity or none at all and differentiation of the larval GI tract fails to occur. The results suggest that molecules exhibiting the PM-2 epitope are necessary for the proper formation of the blastocoel, for mesenchyme cell movement and for proper development of the larvae GI tract.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".