Consonantal perturbations of pitch in Halkomelem Salish
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It has long been noted that consonants have an effect on the pitch of a following vowel: voiceless stops tend to raise F0, while voiced stops lower it. It has also been suggested that the duration of such perturbations is shorter in tone languages than in non-tone languages [Hombert, Studies in African Linguistics (1977)]. This study compares the effects that consonants have on F0 in two closely related Salish languages: Island Halkomelem, a non-tone language, and Upriver Halkomelem, a language that has reportedly undergone some limited tonogenesis but offers no clear prosodic clues regarding tonality. The effects of the voiceless and ejective stop series were observed, and measurements of F0 were taken at the onset of voicing for the vowel, then at 20 msec. intervals up to 100 msec. Preliminary results indicate that i) Island Halkomelem shows a greater magnitude of difference in F0 at vowel onset between the voiceless and ejective stops than Upriver Halkomelem, and ii) Island Halkomelem shows greater durations of consonantal perturbations of F0 than does Upriver Halkomelem. This suggests that Upriver Halkomelem may have become more sensitive to pitch than the Island dialect, supporting the interpretation of this language as tonal. [Work supported by Phillips Fund.]
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".