Mechanisms of setup of displacement piles in sand: laboratory creep tests
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A series of triaxial creep tests is described, with the aim of shedding light on the mechanisms behind displacement pile setup in granular soils. The stress path leading to the creep stages has been designed to mimic, as far as possible, the installation of a pile adjacent to an element of soil. A complex strain response is found with creep in dense sands at high stress ratio, with rotation of the creep strain vector over time. A new hypothesis, involving kinematically restrained dilation of the soil close to the pile shaft and soil ageing, is proposed to explain pile setup. Influences on the creep behaviour, and hence degree of setup, are found to be particle shape and strength, relative density, and rate of loading. The application of small cyclic perturbations during creep is found to accelerate the onset of volumetric dilation and hence is proposed to accelerate setup.Key words: creep, setup, displacement piles, laboratory testing, sands.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".