Orographic influences during winter precipitation events on the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Precipitation enhancement over a low coastal hill in winter is demonstrated for particular associations of synoptically determined onshore airflow and local geography encountered over southeastern Newfoundland. Four such cases, involving a mixture of pre‐warm‐frontal precipitation types at surface temperatures just below freezing, are analysed using comparative surface gauge records from sites at the coast and hill summit and detailed volume scan data from a Doppler radar. Whilst precipitation at the hill summit and upwind coast was of similar overall duration in each case, the surface rates on the hilltop exceeded those at the coast by 1.0–4.0 mm h−1 during different stages of the events. Analysis of the Doppler reflectivity patterns reveals that intensities are especially enhanced near the windward hill crest, supporting the observed association of greatest enhancement with a strong local upslope wind component exceeding 20 m s−1. In the majority of these cases the enhancement is maintained primarily by the ‘seeder–feeder’ mechanism, which appears to be accelerated during precipitation transitions and with the surface warm front 120–150 km distant; however, a preliminary phase of enhancement due to topographically induced uplift of stable pre‐frontal air is also recognised in one case. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".