Interfacial Interactions between Reservoir Brine and CO<sub>2</sub>at High Pressures and Elevated Temperatures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, an experimental technique has been developed to study the interfacial interactions of the reservoir brine−CO 2 system at high pressures and elevated temperatures. Using the axisymmetric drop shape analysis (ADSA) for the pendant drop case, this new technique makes it possible to determine the interfacial tension (IFT) and visualize the interfacial interactions between the reservoir brine and CO 2 under practical reservoir conditions. More specifically, the dynamic IFT between the reservoir brine and CO 2 is measured as a function of pressure at two different temperatures. It is found that the dynamic IFT gradually reduces to a constant value, which is termed as the equilibrium IFT. The equilibrium IFT decreases as the pressure increases, whereas the same parameter increases as the temperature increases. The major interfacial interactions observed in this study include interface disappearance, the swelling effect, the shrinking effect, and wettability alteration. At an elevated temperature ( T = 58 °C), the pendant brine drop cannot be observed in the CO 2 phase at a pressure of P ≥ 12.238 MPa. It is also found that CO 2 solubility in the brine phase, which is measured using the PVT system, approaches its maximum value under the same conditions. Further increases in pressure do not noticeably increase the CO 2 solubility in the brine phase. The brine swelling effect is observed at all the pressures and temperatures tested, whereas the brine shrinking effect occurs only at high pressures and a lower temperature ( T = 27 °C). In addition, the wettability of the reservoir brine−CO 2 system changes from the hydrophilic case to the hydrophobic case when the CO 2 changes from the gas phase to the liquid phase.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".