THE NEXT GENERATION VIRGO CLUSTER SURVEY-INFRARED (NGVS-IR). I. A NEW NEAR-ULTRAVIOLET, OPTICAL, AND NEAR-INFRARED GLOBULAR CLUSTER SELECTION TOOL
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The NGVS-IR project (Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey–Infrared) is a contiguous, near-infrared imaging survey of the Virgo cluster of galaxies. It complements the optical wide-field survey of Virgo (NGVS). In its current state, NGVS-IR consists of K s -band imaging of 4 deg 2 centered on M87 and J - and K s -band imaging of ∼16 deg 2 covering the region between M49 and M87. We present observations of the central 4 deg 2 centered on Virgo's core region. The data were acquired with WIRCam on the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope, and the total integration time was 41 hr distributed over 34 contiguous tiles. A survey-specific strategy was designed to account for extended galaxies while still measuring accurate sky brightness within the survey area. The average 5σ limiting magnitude is K s = 24.4 AB mag, and the 50% completeness limit is K s = 23.75 AB mag for point-source detections, when using only images with better than 0 7 seeing (median seeing 0 54). Star clusters are marginally resolved in these image stacks, and Virgo galaxies with AB mag arcsec −2 are detected. Combining the K s data with optical and ultraviolet data, we build the uiK s color–color diagram, which allows a very clean color-based selection of globular clusters in Virgo. This diagnostic plot will provide reliable globular cluster candidates for spectroscopic follow-up campaigns, needed to continue the exploration of Virgo's photometric and kinematic substructures, and will help the design of future searches for globular clusters in extragalactic systems. We show that the new uiK s diagram displays significantly clearer substructure in the distribution of stars, globular clusters, and galaxies than the gzK s diagram—the NGVS + NGVS-IR equivalent of the BzK diagram that is widely used in cosmological surveys. Equipped with this powerful new tool, future NGVS-IR investigations based on the uiK s diagram will address the mapping and analysis of extended structures and compact stellar systems in and around Virgo galaxies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".