In vitro ruminal digestion of anthocyanidin-containing alfalfa transformed with the maize <i>Lc</i> regulatory gene
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In vitro ruminal digestion was conducted on novel “purple-green” alfalfa forage that accumulated anthocyanidin and proanthocyanidins through the expression of a maize bHLH anthocyanidin regulatory gene (Lc). The Lc-transgenic genotypes were compared with parental (non-transformed, NT) alfalfa in their in vitro ruminal fermentation, dry matter (DM) and N disappearances, and DM degradability. The transgenic genotypes expressed the Lc gene at different levels when grown under high light conditions, resulting in anthocyanidin contents as high as 136 g g-1 DM. Lc genotypes had lower true DM disappearance than NT alfalfa at 0, 4 and 12 h of incubation, but not at 24 or 48 h. Compared with NT, Lc-transgenic genotypes had a lower content of rapidly soluble DM, but a similar content and rate of degradation of the slowly degradable DM fraction, and a similar lag time for digestion. True disappearance of N was lower for Lc- transgenic than NT alfalfa at the initiation of the incubation. The solubility of both DM and N were negatively correlated with the concentration of anthocyanidins measured in the forage. The results indicate that Lc-transformation reduced the initial rate, but not the extent of DM and N digestion of alfalfa in the rumen. These properties could improve the utilization of protein and possibly reduce the risk of bloat in ruminants consuming fresh alfalfa. However, further increasing the amount of anthocyanidins (or proanthocyanidins) produced in the forage may be required to make this a viable strategy for improved protein utilization and bloat prevention. Key words: Alfalfa, anthocyanidins, Lc-transformation, nitrogen, ruminal digestion
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".