Chronic exposure to low concentrations of waterborne cadmium during embryonic and larval development results in the long-term hindrance of antipredator behavior in zebrafish
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cadmium has been recognized for some time as a potent environmental pollutant with the capability of disrupting olfactory-mediated behaviors. Failing to respond to chemical cues in the environment could adversely affect foraging, reproduction and predator avoidance. Recognizing this impaired perception as a serious ecological problem has been undermined by the fact that the damage is often reversible; short depuration periods of 5 d may allow for the re-establishment of responses to chemical cues. In this experiment, early life stage zebrafish were continuously exposed for 50 d at 0, 0.2, 2.0, and 20 microg Cd/L. The subjects were depurated for 14 d and then subjected to behavioral testing where antipredator responses to chemical alarm cues were observed. Our data show that continuous exposure during rearing to a concentration as low as 20 microg Cd/L is sufficient at eliminating antipredator behavior in zebrafish (Danio rerio) even after the source of the cadmium had been removed for 14 d. Furthermore, subjects raised under a 10-fold lower concentration also showed alteration in their behavioral responses, taking significantly longer to respond to the predation threat. Exposure to low levels of cadmium throughout development may alter neurogenesis, subsequently resulting in long-term impairment of chemical cue perception.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".