Decoupling conservative and dissipative forces in frequency modulation atomic force microscopy
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Experiments and theoretical calculations of conservative forces measured by frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) in vacuum are generally in reasonable agreement. This contrasts with dissipative forces, where experiment and theory often disagree by several orders of magnitude. These discrepancies have repeatedly been attributed to instrumental artifacts, the cause of which remains elusive. We demonstrate that the frequency response of the piezoacoustic cantilever excitation system, traditionally assumed flat, can actually lead to surprisingly large apparent damping by the coupling of the frequency shift to the drive-amplitude signal, typically referred to as the ``dissipation'' signal. Our theory predicts large quantitative and qualitative variability observed in dissipation spectroscopy experiments, contrast inversion at step edges and in atomic-scale dissipation imaging, as well as changes in the power-law relationship between the drive signal and bias voltage in dissipation spectroscopy. The magnitude of apparent damping can escalate by more than an order of magnitude at cryogenic temperatures. We present a simple nondestructive method for correcting this source of apparent damping, which will allow dissipation measurements to be reliably and quantitatively compared to theoretical models.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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