Sperm morphology, ATP content, and analysis of motility in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spermatozoon of Atlantic halibut ( Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L., 1758)) is uniflagellated, lacks an acrosome, and is differentiated into a head, midpiece, and flagellum. There are two to five mitochondria in the midpiece, as well as proximal and distal centrioles. The flagellum consisted of 9 + 2 microtubules surrounded by plasma membrane, which is extended at the proximal part of the flagellum owing to the presence of vacuoles. After sperm activation in seawater, sperm motility and velocity decreased from 98.4% ± 3.4% and 170.3 ± 8.9 µm·s–1at 15 s after sperm activation to 4.8% ± 4.7% and 9.2 ± 8.9 µm·s–1at 120 s after sperm activation, respectively. ATP content (nmol·L–1ATP per 108spermatozoa) significantly decreased at 60 s after sperm activation (5.9 ± 1.5) compared with at 0 and 30 s after sperm activation (14.9 ± 1.5 and 14.5 ± 1.5, respectively). Beating waves propagated along the full length of the flagellum after sperm activation, whereas waves were restricted to the proximal section during the latter motility period. Wave amplitude significantly decreased at 45 s after sperm activation, but wavelength did not differ. The present study showed associations among sperm morphology, ATP content, flagellar wave parameters, and sperm velocity, which could be used in comparative spermatology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".