Organization of the gymnotiform fish pallium in relation to learning and memory: II. Extrinsic connections
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present article reports on the telencephalic connections of regions of the dorsal telencephalon of the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus and Gymnotus sp. that are involved in learning and memory: the lateral (DL), central (DC), and dorsal (DD) regions of the pallium and the intermediate region between DL and DC (Dx). We find that the main route of transmission consists of diencephalic (preglomerular complex; PG) glutamatergic input to DL; glutamatergic projections from DL to DC and Dx; and glutamatergic output from DC/Dx to di-, mes-, and rhombencephalic nuclei. Although PG efferents to DL are spatially organized, the projection from DL to DC appears to be diffuse. The connections of DD are entirely intrinsic to the pallium: DL projects to DD (glutamatergic) and DD feeds back to DL (glutamatergic); DD also projects to DC and has strong contralateral connections. In addition, DL and DD receive input from subpallial regions; we suggest that these are associated with the previously identified γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic, dopaminergic, and somatostatin-positive input to these regions. The DL/DD connections are very complex, because DL projects to and receives input from different subdivisions of DD. These subdivisions are linked by circuitry intrinsic to DD itself. DL and DD both contain recurrent putatively excitatory (glutamatergic) connections as well as local putatively inhibitory (GABAergic) interneurons. In contrast, recurrent excitatory connections appears to be absent in DC, and local inhibition is also barely present. Finally, we speculate on the implications of this pattern of connectivity for theories of short-term memory and long-term associative memory.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".