Numerical simulation and wind tunnel measurements on a tricycle wheel sub-system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The drag of an isolated rotating wheel subsystem including its accessories (tyre, suspension, A-arms and fender) of a tricycle vehicle has been studied both numerically and experimentally. The objective of this study is to validate the numerical model developed in order to optimise a generic wheel subsystem through drag analysis. The CAD model of the wheel subsystem was created in CATIA-v5 and the numerical simulations were carried out using the Star CCM+ commercial CFD package. The resulting numerical model was validated experimentally by comparing with the drag and pressure coefficient measured in a large subsonic closed-loop wind tunnel. Different mesh topologies and turbulent models were tested. The final model developed shows less than 3% of drag discrepancy vs. experimental results. Two aerodynamic shapes of A-arms are then designed to perform drag reduction on the wheel subsystem. Numerical simulations show a significant drag reduction up to 20% compared with the original wheel subsystem.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".