Lanthanum Carbonate in the Management of Renal Osteodystrophy in Dialysis Patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In an open label, randomized, parallel group study, we treated ten patients with lanthanum carbonate and ten patients with calcium carbonate to control their serum phosphate levels. All patients were initiated onto dialysis within 12 weeks of recruitment to the study. They were on maintenance bicarbonate haemodialysis for 12 hours per week, with low flux polysulphone or hemophane membrane, and required phosphate control by the use of oral phosphate binders. Both phosphate binders were given with meal, divided into three equal doses. The maximum allowed daily dose of lanthanum carbonate and calcium carbonate was 3750 mg and 9000 mg, respectively. The duration of the study was one year. Serum phosphate levels were controlled well in both groups with no difference between them. In the lanthanum group mean phosphate level varied between 1.3 and 1.9 mmol/l, whilst in the calcium carbonate group it varied between 1.3 and 1.65 mmol/l. The maximum mean daily dose reached 1450 +/− 610 mg in the lanthanum carbonate group and 2400 +/− 1400 mg in the calcium carbonate group. In both groups, serum calcium levels did not vary significantly during the study. Mean serum calcium was 2.12 +/− 0.02 mmol/l in the lanthanum carbonate group and 2.33 +/−0.09 mmol/l in the calcium carbonate group. Bone alkaline phosphatase did not significantly vary between the two treatment groups, remaining at the upper limit of the referent values. The mean value of PTH level in the lanthanum carbonate group was 33 +/−6.2 pmol/l, and differed significantly from the mean PTH level at the calcium carbonate group –23 +/− 5.9 pmol/l (PTH ref. values 1.05– 6.84 pmol/l). In the both groups the mean levels of 25 vitamin D and 1,25 vitamin D were similar and throughout the study remained at the lower limit of the referent values. Lanthanum carbonate proved a safe phosphate binder, as we noted no serious adverse events, except for sporadic, clinically non-relevant hypocalcaemia. We could conclude that lanthanum carbonate was a safe and effective phosphate binder and it could better prevent hypercalcaemia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".