Native and Introduced Populations of Smallmouth Bass Differ in Concordance between Climate and Somatic Growth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We characterized the association between climate and somatic growth in 125 North American populations of smallmouth bassMicropterus dolomieu. Using multivariate techniques (i.e., principal components and Procrustes analyses), we found an overall significant concordance between eight climate variables (cloud cover, frost frequency, precipitation, mean air temperature, minimum air temperature, maximum air temperature, mean summer air temperature, and growing degree‐days above 10°C) and four growth variables (body length increments for ages 1–4). Bivariate linear regressions revealed that there was a significant positive relationship between air temperature variables and early growth, while growth at later ages was generally less influenced by climate. Given that the geographical range of smallmouth bass has been rapidly expanding over the past century, we also examined how the climate–growth relationships differed in populations that have been introduced outside the native distribution. Analysis of residuals from the Procrustes test indicated that the concordance between climate and growth was probably higher for populations within the native range and lower for introduced populations. Mechanisms that might generate this pattern include the possibilities that (1) the introduced populations have not had time to adapt to their new environments and (2) growth might respond atypically to the more extreme climates experienced outside the native range of the species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".