An operator equation, KdV equation and invariant subspaces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Let A A be a bounded linear operator on a complex Banach space X X . A problem, motivated by the operator method used to solve integrable systems such as the Korteweg-deVries (KdV), modified KdV, sine-Gordon, and Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equations, is whether there exists a bounded linear operator B B such that (i) A B + B A AB+BA is of rank one, and (ii) ( I + f ( A ) B ) (I+f(A)B) is invertible for every function f f analytic in a neighborhood of the spectrum of A A . We investigate solutions to this problem and discover an intriguing connection to the invariant subspace problem. Under the assumption that the convex hull of the spectrum of A A does not contain 0 0 , we show that there exists a solution B B to (i) and (ii) if and only if A A has a non-trivial invariant subspace.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".