The Strain Response of Lead Zinc Niobate-Lead Titanate Piezocrystals: Phase Transitions and Non-Linear Effects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Single crystals of Pb(Zn 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -PbTiO 3 (PZN-PT) produce high levels of strains with large electromechanical coupling coefficients and they exhibit high dielectric permittivity. These properties make PZN-PT single crystals promising materials for transducer and actuator applications. The large strains in these materials are partly due to electric-field-induced rhombohedral–tetragonal phase transitions that are temperature dependent. We have studied the phase transitions in ⟨001⟩ oriented Pb(Zn 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -xPbTiO 3 single crystals for x = 4.5% and x = 8% by measuring the piezoelectric strains of the crystals as a function of applied electric field and temperature. We have used laser Doppler interferometry to make direct measurements of the strain responses of the two types of ⟨001⟩ and ⟨111⟩ oriented PZN-PT single crystals in the rhombohedral phase as a function of AC electric fields and DC bias fields. When the applied electric field exceeds a threshold value, the dielectric and piezoelectric constants become a function of the applied field, and hysteresis loops are observed. Our results show that a positive DC bias stabilizes the domain configuration in the crystals and increases the range of AC voltages over which the response is linear. The threshold field, at the onset of non-linearity, is found to have a linear relation with DC bias field in the field range investigated. Very large shear strains have been observed for crystals poled in the pseudocubic ⟨111⟩ direction with d 15 values in the neighbourhood of ∼5500 pC/N for PZN-4.5%PT and ∼7500 pC/N for PZN-8%PT.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".