French and German Tourism in the Mediterranean - A Market Share Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tourism is an important economic sector for Mediterranean countries, and these compete for market share. In our study we look at the evaluation of market shares amongst a group of seven Mediterranean countries for both German and French tourists. Our data shows that these shares have changed significantly over the period 1963-2009. We utilise the Almost Ideal Demand System, a model grounded in economic theory, to understand what has driven these changes. The estimated own-price elasticities indicate the sensitivity of demand to price increases in each country, while cross-price elasticities shed light on the relative complementarity and substitutability of the holiday destinations. We find that while Spain was relatively unaffected by the development of the tourism market in countries such as Cyprus, Malta and Turkey, Italy lost significant market share, in part due to a relative loss of competitiveness. An innovation of this study is an assessment of the stability of the elasticity estimates over the sample. In line with other studies in this area, we highlight that the results of this study can serve as useful information for policymakers in the formulation of policies on tourism market development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".