Scattering of circularly polarized light by a rotating black hole
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We study scattering of polarized light by a rotating (Kerr) black hole of mass $M$ and angular momentum $J$. In order to keep trace of the polarization dependence of photon trajectories one can use the following dimensionless parameter: $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}(\ensuremath{\omega}M{)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, where $\ensuremath{\omega}$ is the photon frequency and the sign $+$ ($\ensuremath{-}$) corresponds to the right (left) circular polarization. We assume that $|\ensuremath{\epsilon}|\ensuremath{\ll}1$ and use the modified geometric optics approximation developed in [Phys. Rev. D 84, 044026 (2011)]; that is, we include the first order in $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ polarization-dependent terms into the eikonal equation. These corrections modify late-time behavior of photons. We demonstrate that the photon moves along a null curve, which in the limit $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=0$ becomes a null geodesic. We focus on the scattering problem for polarized light. Namely, we consider the following problems: (i) How does the photon's bending angle depend on its polarization? (ii) How does the position of the image of a pointlike source depend on its polarization? (iii) How does the arrival time of photons depend on their polarization? We perform the numerical calculations that illustrate these effects for an extremely rotating black hole and discuss their possible applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".