The Immunomodulatory Effects of Anti-thyroid Drugs are Mediated via Actions on Thyroid Cells, Affecting Thyrocyte-immunocyte Signalling A Review
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The mechanism of action of the immunosuppressive effects of antithyroid drugs has remained a matter of controversy, despite our earlier contention that such effects in vivo were indirect; ie., it was our view that the drugs were acting on the thyroid cells, reducing their thyroid hormone production and other activities, with a consequent reduction in thyrocyte-immunocyte signalling. The reduction in the activation of CD4+ cells,the increased number and activation of CD8+ (and CD8+CDllb+) cells, and the reduction of soluble interleukin-2 receptors, thought once to be direct effects of the medication, are now shown to be due to amelioration of the hyperthyroidism. Thus the reduction in thyroid hormone production induced by the drugs is central to these actions. In addition, the iodination of thyroglobulin is inhibited by these agents, which may affect antigen presentation by the thyrocyte. Furthermore, there is now evidence that the thionamides interfere with thyrocyte expression of such molecules as Class I antigen, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, prostaglandin E2, and heat shock protein. The expression of thyrocyte Class II antigen is probably not inhibited by these drugs, although one group has shown that lectin-stimulated thyrocyte Class II expression is diminished by this treatment; this group postulated that this effect might be mediated by reduced interferon gamma production by T lymphocytes, but in vitro experiments do not corroborate this proposal. In any event, the actions as described of the effects of antithyroid drugs on the thyroid cells (particularly normalization of thyroid function) would certainly suffice to explain the diminution of thyroid antibodies (including thyroid stimulating antibody), the reduced immunological response, and the increased remission rate in Graves disease as a consequence of antithyroid drug therapy, without the need to invoke a direct immunosuppressive effect.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it