Response of Long-Span Box Type Soil-Steel Composite Structures during Ultimate Loading Tests
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Soil-steel composite structures are getting more popular in recent years. With the introduction of more sophisticated structures such as box culverts with flexural stiffeners, the review of largely experience based design models became inevitable. The paper presents the ultimate loading part of full-scale testing conducted on corrugated steel box culverts. Structures with two different spans of 14 and 8 m and different crown stiffness were investigated using different cover depths. The tests indicate that the response of the structure to the depth of the cover is not linear. The structures become more vulnerable to applied loads as the soil cover decreases. The increase in the load-bearing capacity with increasing soil covers is linear, which agrees with the theoretical models. The crown stiffening, however, is more effective under shallow soil covers. The load resistance of the structures is doubled at the crown level with the crown stiffening. The Swedish design method overestimates live load moments but underestimates live load thrusts. An adjustment to the calculation of the thrusts is proposed. The Canadian design method estimates the moments relatively well but it does not cover larger spans than 8 m.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".