Development of a Simulated Annealing-assisted System for Land-use/Land-cover Classification
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Local minima limitations in unsupervised approaches using K-means is still problematic in producing accurate land use/land cover classifications. In response, we developed algorithms of Simulated Annealing (SA) systems based on K-means. We hypothesized that SA-based systems can reduce the likelihood of converging on a local minimum. Two automated SA-based classification systems were developed and applied to a Landsat TM data: a single SA-based (S-SA) system and an integrated SA-based (I-SA) system, which reduces computational intensity. We hypothesized that the I-SA system could produce more efficient classifications than the S-SA system. Kappa statistical analysis on the resulting error matrices demonstrated that the SA-based system significantly improved the classification accuracy over that of the K-means algorithm when appropriate parameters combined as a cooling schedule were chosen. The knowledge and insights gained can facilitate the incorporation of SA random search procedures into other approaches that are similarly limited by local minimum problems to improve accuracy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".