MICHAEL W. CHILDERS. Colorado Powder Keg: Ski Resorts and the Environmental Movement.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Michael W. Childers's Colorado Powder Keg adds a critically important perspective to the historical scholarship on recreational skiing, especially in its Colorado context. Hal Rothman's Devil's Bargains: Tourism in the Twentieth Century American West (1998), Annie Gilbert Coleman's Ski Style: Sport and Culture in the Rockies (2004), and William Philpott's Vacationland: Tourism and Environment in the Colorado High Country (2013) have limned the sport's cultural and economic contours. We know how skiing became an industry and how it reshaped local and regional geography. Childers, in turn, illuminates the ski industry's dependence on the federal government because—and this is key—the vast majority of recreational skiing occurs on Forest Service lands. Childers's important contribution is in tracing for the ski industry what historian Richard White called in The Organic Machine (1995) the “boring” (p. 64) but largely public processes by which conservation agencies made crucial decisions about how natural resources were managed for public and private gain.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.190 | 0.068 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".